Teenage Pregnancies and the Health Risks to the Unborn Child Free Essays

string(96) a higher education by age 30† (National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, March 2010). Running Head: Teen Pregnancy Teenage Pregnancies and Health Risks Betty Samuelsen Western Governors University Teen young ladies should forgo the companion weight of getting pregnant. Getting pregnant at a youthful age may have outcomes with the scope of reality. Pregnant teenagers are urging others to get pregnant as friend pressure. We will compose a custom paper test on Young Pregnancies and the Health Risks to the Unborn Child or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now Adolescents are observing a lot of TV that urges them to get pregnant. Pregnancy is a significant explanation that the dropout pace of adolescent young ladies is so high. Adolescents should be educated regarding the wellbeing dangers that they might be confronted with in the event that they become pregnant. Examination proposes that there are no simple answers for the multifaceted nature of issues influencing pregnant adolescents, for example, outside impacts as other pregnant youngsters and media that support pregnancy, the impact of pregnancy on a teenager’s training, and the wellbeing dangers looked by pregnant teenagers and their unborn kids. Network shows are one case of media that confuses the issue of adolescent pregnancy. Studies show that adolescents, 12-17 years old, that stare at the network shows that have the most explicitly interesting data, are twice as prone to get pregnant (Chandra, 2008). The broadcast business needs to have even more a harmony between sexual substance and the dangers that pregnancies have upon adolescents (Chandra, 2008). These network shows likewise impact others to become pregnant in light of the fact that it is the activity. For instance, MTV program content suggests that on the off chance that a young lady gets pregnant, at that point the adolescent has a single direction pass to acclaim and MTV is likewise advancing high schooler pregnancy as opposed to expressing it as a major issue in America (Montalvan, 2011). TV builds the multifaceted nature of this issue when sitting in front of the network shows that make teenager pregnancies engaging prompts peer strain to get pregnant. For instance: Girls 16 and more youthful have gotten together to â€Å"plan† their pregnancies and how they are going to bring up their youngsters together. At the point when the young ladies would see whether their pregnancy test returned positive, they would high five one another, similar to they were pleased to be pregnant at such a youthful age and they will be alright (Males, 2008). Friend pressure is generally male-to-male and female-to-female, this weight is by all accounts harder to withstand from guys because of status and being acknowledged. Then again, females fall into peer strain to â€Å"fill a void† in their lives and keep up a relationship with the other gender (Sugland, 1997). Not exclusively is peer pressure an issue, research shows that 20% of teenagers have expressed that their folks (46%) are likewise a major effect on them engaging in sexual relations contrasted with the 20% of companions pressure (Albert, 2010). What is this platitude about parents’ impact on their own teenagers? Teenagers express that they wish they could have increasingly open discussions about sex with their folks and be progressively open in discussion about contraception. They accept this could lessen high schooler pregnancies (Albert, 2010). There are likewise different social practices that muddle how teenagers consider pregnancy. In adolescents’ sees about sex, it is on their brains more often than not whether they are explicitly dynamic themselves. Perspectives vary from race to race with respect to the recurrence of sex among their companion gatherings, for example African-American see more sex than among peer bunches in the European-and Mexican-American friend gatherings. (Mahavarkar, Madhi, Mule, 2008). Adolescent pregnancy isn't just a neighborhood issue, yet is a worldwide concern even with the clashing data from study to consider. The past new work government in England distinguishes pregnant students as an especially defenseless gathering. Likewise, research shows various impacts of pregnancy on the training of pregnant adolescents. The main source, 30%, of adolescents dropping out of secondary school is pregnancy and parenthood (National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, 2010, March). In England, the first foundation of a four foundation battle is to build the investment of pregnant youngsters in instruction, preparing or potentially business. As indicated by the Social Exclusion Unit, the subsequent technique is getting 60% of youthful moms into preparing, work, and instruction (as refered to in Vincent Thomson, 2010). The Social Exclusion Unit accept that gathering the subsequent foundation will help decrease the negative wellbeing, social and monetary relates of teenager pregnancies. Specialists seem to concur with strategy producers on the difficulties that the pregnant youngsters and mothering teenagers face in their instruction. The Department of Education and Skills put out a direction on the training of school-matured young ladies and child rearing moms which laid out the desires that the teenagers ought to get. England’s neighborhood specialists have a low need in helping high schooler moms get once again into instruction. Review Commission, 1999, Coleman and Dennison 1998). In the 2001 direction, the Department of Education and Skills state, â€Å"The school ought to guarantee that the young lady keeps learning as far as might be feasible up until the birth by investigating all open doors for educational program bolster accessible (Department of Education and Skills, 2001, 5). Scho ols are likewise required to give an elective authority to be in control for the pregnant teenagersâ€someone whose fundamental capacity is to encourage the on-going training of the pregnant student and her effective reintegration to instruction after the six-week post-natal registration. This authority ought to be made mindful of all the student pregnancies inside the neighborhood authority. The neighborhood specialists are urged to give similar instruction as those of pregnant adolescents. Pregnancy ought not be the explanation a portion of these child rearing moms are not being permitted to go to class. Schools ought to be in part responsible for the training of these child rearing youngsters. So as to cause this objective to occur, schools would need to give work to the pregnant youngster to do at home when she can't go to class. About portion of the adolescents that are pregnant have a secondary school recognition versus 9% of those that were not youngster moms. â€Å"Other information locate that under 2% of youthful adolescent moms (the individuals who have an infant before age 18) accomplish a professional education by age 30† (National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, March 2010). You read High school Pregnancies and the Health Risks to the Unborn C hild in class Papers Pregnancy can effectsly affect instruction. As per Ashley, study 1 of 4, was a normal understudy that discovered at about a month and a half she was anticipating. She thought, â€Å"I’m not going to get my GCSE’s [General Certificate of Secondary Education], I’m not going to attend a university and I’m not going to land the position I need to get† (as refered to in Vincent, Thompson, 2010). Ashley was wanting to have the option to bid farewell to her companions. The school suggested that she would have the option to keep up her instruction with a student referral unit; along these lines, the school was communicating its interests of the wellbeing and security of her pregnancy. Helpless correspondence of the understudies standard school with the student referral unit made Ashley miss coursework and flopped a portion of her GCSE’s that she was hopeful in passing. The school simply couldn't have cared less. Now and again pregnancy effectsly affects an understudies instruction yet at the same time presents inconveniences. Shae, study 2 of 4, had blended responses, peers were for the most part tolerating, however among staff they are blended, some tolerant, others not really. The gathering was an alternate circumstance from Ashley’s. Shae had the option to remain in her school until the vast majority of her GCSE’s were finished with insignificant housing, for example, leaving class somewhat ahead of schedule to abstain from being â€Å"crushed† in the corridors. Her educator likewise took on ensuring the Pupil Referral Unit had coursework for her to do, dissimilar to initially examine. Shae felt all the more separated of her school still (as refered to in Vincent, Thompson, 2010). Pregnant adolescents should settle on convoluted choices on instruction. Shae had the option to remain in the standard school until her seventh month of pregnancy, and yet still felt like she was separated of the school. Not at all like Ashley’s school, Shae’s was increasingly steady of her circumstance. Offspring of high schooler moms are influenced in the long haul, for example, turning into an adolescent parent later (National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, 2010). Pregnant youngsters will have an a lot harder time securing admirably paying positions on the off chance that they can't have the best possible training accessible to them†¦ Without a secondary school instruction, it is a lot harder to be acknowledged into school (National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, 2010). Shae knew that she had a decision and made that known to the school and staff individuals and adhered to persuading them to permit her to remain and achieve her fantasies and objectives that she had set for herself. Title IX really ensures pregnant teenagers to have equivalent training to those of their companions, regardless of the circumstance. (Instructive Policy, January and March 2006, 20(1). Shae knew about the decision that she had on her training and made it known to the school and the staff individuals and adhered to persuading them to permit her to remain. As expressed over the Title IX, is an American sculpture, that ought to likewise get ready pregnant teenagers a similar open door as those in different nations. For instance, a non-instructive result of high schooler pregnancy is the wellbeing dangers to the mother and the child. Pre-birth care is basic in the main long stretches of pregnancy. Pre-birth nutrients with folic corrosive are recommended to be taken before getting pregnant to forestall certain birth abandons, for example, neural cylinder absconds (as refered to in Nihira, M. ,

Lev Vygotsky

During that time clinicians and people engaged with instruction have created and explored various speculations about how youngsters learn. To see how youngsters get and use data is of extraordinary incentive to guardians, instructors and without a doubt society when all is said in done as the offspring of today are tomorrow’s grown-ups and our general public won't create if our kids can't adapt viably. In this paper I will examine the hypotheses of Lev Vygotsky as I accept his work has become the establishment for a great deal of our current speculations and ideas with respect to a child’s psychological turn of events. Lev Vygotsky was conceived in Russia in 1896 during the Russian Revolution and his works possibly went to the consideration of the western world when they were distributed in 1962. Vygotsky kicked the bucket very youthful and a great deal of his examination was incomplete anyway his work was proceeded by his understudies and adherents the same. Vygotskys hypothesis of Socio-social or Social Development as it is additionally known was the structure obstruct for the ideas and stratagies now utilized in our pre-schools and schools today. Not at all like Piaget who accepted that advancement preceeds learning, Vygotsky accepted that to create, a youngster must learn first. He appropriately accepted that the best taking in originates from a child’s social connection in the public arena and the social they are raised in. Social factors and culture add to a child’s subjective turn of events. Vygotsky accepted that society gave a youngster different social apparatuses which empowered learning, language being one of the most significant. Language is the essential type of cooperation and through language a kid can convey considerations, feelings, assessments and thoughts and create kinships. A child’s level of language aptitudes can and in all probability will impact every other part of their advancement both by and by and scholastically. Through my exploration I see that Vygotskys idea, the zone of proximal turn of events, which is Vygotsky’s expression for the scope of undertakings unreasonably hard for kids to ace alone however which can be scholarly with the direction and asistance of grown-ups or progressively gifted chilren, is generally utilized today in learning establishments around the world, its idea is utilized in many subjects and utilized successfully with an expansive range of understudies, going from burdened, unique needs, and â€Å"gifted† understudies to grown-ups. Inside this idea Vygotsky discusses â€Å"Scaffolding† which fundamentally implies changing the degree of help as the understudy turns out to be progressively competent in an assignment or subject. Another idea which is interlinked with the above is The More Knowledgeable Other (MKO). The MKO alludes to any individual who has a superior understanding or a more noteworthy capacity than the understudy, in regard to a specific errand or idea. The MKO is regularly thought of just like an instructor, mentor, or more seasoned grown-up, however the MKO could likewise be peers, a more youthful individual, or even PCs. As I read and study these ideas I can unmistakably observe their joining into our instruction framework today contrasted with when I was a kid beginning in school forty years back. In spite of the fact that frameworks where developing slowly, there were altogether different suppositions and strategies set up with respect to training. Lev Vygotsky: Lev Vygotsky (November 17, 1896 †June 11, 1394) was a Russian clinician. Vygotsky was a spearheading analyst and his significant works length six separate volumes, composed over about 10 years, from Psychology of Art (1925) to Thought and Language [or Thinking and Speech] (1934). Vygotsky's inclinations in the fields of formative brain science, kid improvement, and instruction were amazingly assorted. Vygotsky's hypotheses stress the principal job of social communication in the improvement of comprehension Vygotsky, 1978), as he accepted unequivocally that network assumes a focal job during the time spent â€Å"making meaning. He contended, â€Å"learning is an important and general part of the way toward growing socially composed, explicitly human mental function† (Vygotsky 1978, p. 90). Vygotsky’s hypothesis varies from Piaget in three distinct manners. 1. Social association assumes a basic job during the time spent intellectual turn of events. As opposed to Jea n Piaget’s comprehension of youngster advancement, Vygotsky felt social learning goes before improvement. 2.The progressively proficient different alludes to any individual who has a superior understanding or a higher Ability level than the student, as for a specific undertaking, procedure, or idea. MKO’s Can be peers, a more youthful individual, educators, mentors, more established grown-up, or even PCs. 3. The zone of proximal advancement is the separation between a student’s capacity to play out an undertaking under grown-up direction as well as with peer cooperation. It is likewise the student’s capacity to take care of issues autonomously. â€Å"According to Vygotsky, people use devices that create from a culture, for example, discourse and composing, to intercede their social environments.Initially kids build up these instruments to serve exclusively as social capacities, approaches to convey needs. Vygotsky accepted that the disguise of these appa ratuses prompted higher reasoning abilities. †(http://www. learning-hypotheses. com/vygotskys-social-learning-hypothesis. html) In current terms, Vygotsky would be a facilitator. Educators and understudies work together in learning and practing four key aptitudes (sum up, question, explain, and foresee). Educating and learning is a two way road. You must have the option to associate with the student.This just methods you need to know your understudy. Educators need to know where their understudies are instructively to get them to move to the following level. At that point we need to cook our instructing to address the issues of the students. I accept that an instructor must have the option to identify with their understudy. For instance, an educator that had the two guardians that is well off. That educator shouldn’t anticipate his/her understudies to carry on as he/she did as an understudy at that age. You need to understand that there are contrasts and make accommodat ions.A kid from a well off home and a youngster from a solitary parent common laborers home can’t be shown utilizing a similar strategy. The foundations are excessively unique. References Vygotsky, L. S. (1962). Thought and Language. Cambridge MA: MIT Press. Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Brain in the public eye: The advancement of higher mental procedures. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. McLeod, S. A. (2007). Vygotsky †Social Development Theory. Recovered from http://www. simplypsychology. organization/vygotsky. html http://www. learning-hypotheses. com/vygotskys-social-learning-hypothesis. html

Marketing Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Showcasing Management - Essay Example From this examination plainly business undertakings are driven by benefit intentions. Most extreme benefit is accomplished through minimization of expenses of activity and augmentation of buyer utility so as to trigger high deals that consequently give high incomes. Promoting is an indispensable factor in that interest. Techniques to guarantee ideal promoting must be sought after in accordance with appropriation of important and utilitarian advertising plans. Advertising plans are hence pertinent, in light of the fact that they key determinants of an enterprise’s achievement or disappointment in its line of business. Showcasing plan is a diagram of exercises that promoting administrators use in their advertising tries in an offer to put items and administrations at the best retail location. The essential goal of the arrangement is to catch however much piece of the overall industry as could reasonably be expected concerning explicit items and administrations that a business en deavor manages. In a perfect world, advertising plan differently considers the whole creation procedure to figure out what item or administration qualities comprises shopper tastes and inclinations. The accomplishment of items and administrations is exceptionally reliant on the advertising plan received by the directors. Viable and effective utilization of showcasing plans is basic in helping accomplishment of items and administrations in the market setting. In particular, McDonalds is a case of effective work of promoting plans. Serving various nations, the drive-thru eateries have caught a critical worldwide piece of the overall industry. Disappointment then again rises when the promoting plans utilized neglect to meet their sole reason. At the end of the day, showcasing plan coordination into the exercises, activity and execution of a business undertaking comprises such disappointment. Powerful and effective coordination of promoting exercises before those that makes up the arran gement result to disappointment of a given item or administration in the market setting. Toyota sooner or later needed to pull back a portion of its vehicles from the market because of execution disappointment, rising up out of exercises inside the firm (Bangs, 2010). In spite of the fact that promoting plans had been led in both household and worldwide markets, a portion of its brands performed inadequately. Investigation Business undertakings in their line of business have wanted desires. The result anyway could conceivably be the ideal one. In any case, activities and execution of a venture can impact the real result before what is normal. It is critical to call attention to that there is no single business that gets operational with a thought process to make misfortunes and hence fall flat. Business ventures are benefit driven, with elevated requirements of accomplishment. Advertising plans as effectively recognized enormously impact achievement or disappointment of an endeavor. Considering the two organizations above, both had their promoting chiefs lay a diagram of operational capacities that would guarantee most extreme profit by each of the company’s activities (Jackson, 2008). In any case, advertise reactions are not sure, and along these lines the new development may not really be as determined by the each organization. A film that fizzled: Watchmen Set for profound respect and achievement, a startling result was disappointment (Baumard and William, 2005). Request figures are basically essential for motion pictures. It is significant that all exercises

The Basic Facts of Best Research Paper Writing Services Reviews

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College Essay Prompt About Book You Love - Writing Tips

<h1>College Essay Prompt About Book You Love - Writing Tips</h1><p>If you're in a significant composing task, you might be thinking about what your school article brief about a book you love can and can't accomplish for you. On the off chance that you've never been posed this inquiry, I'd prefer to assist you with noting it.</p><p></p><p>Your exposition brief is intended to give you a rundown of points that you'll need to address, so you ought to ask yourself, 'What does this subject intend to me?' Not every person knows about verse, fiction, writing, expressions of the human experience, or films. The individuals who are will get a wide range of thoughts from your point. Thus, expound on your advantage and you'll most likely be increasingly fruitful at getting them to think about what you need to say.</p><p></p><p>The first issue numerous understudies run into when they're confronted with the school paper brief about a book you love is that they are so unbelievably occupied. You need to assemble a small scale course of classes and study time every day just to endure the whole semester. Furthermore, there's schoolwork, look into, get-togethers, and meetings to join in and last, most important tests to consider for.</p><p></p><p>If you aren't making the most of each and every chance to learn and develop, you may be doing yourself an insult. It's essential to consider and utilize your school exposition brief about a book you love to fabricate your portfolio. The composing tests you've gotten for most of your courses ought to be flawless in light of the fact that you've placed in the work to clean your skills.</p><p></p><p>The second thing to remember when you're confronted with your school article brief about a book you love is that it's not just for you. It's for everybody. There's nothing amiss with asking somebody you appreciate what books you're pe rusing to get you spurred to begin understanding more. Furthermore, you may even need to impart your proposal to somebody you regard. The third thing to remember is that you don't need to go with the primary reaction you get. There's no damage in asking a few people. At the point when you locate the one that you think will offer you the best guidance, I think you'll locate the best outcomes for your exposition brief about a book you love.</p><p></p><p>The fourth thing to remember is that composing an article about a book you love can be an extraordinary method to have a fabulous time. All things considered, composing all alone is unwinding and agreeable. You won't generally have a similar care group you have in the event that you have to address individuals for a paper, so ensure you have somebody to compose it for you.</p>

Top Advice on Narrative Essay Writing Samples

<h1> Top Advice on Narrative Essay Writing Samples </h1> <h2> Things You Should Know About Narrative Essay Writing Samples </h2> <p>Writing up until you show up at the word check shouldn't be your technique. However, there are specific examples that you will follow when you create an engaging exposition. The second you pick the theme which suits you most, remember the explanation you compose your exposition, focus on the most pivotal subtleties to tell about in your content and don't disregard the importance of faculties and sentiments in your paper. No any man or lady can deny reality that arrangement article is a dubious kind of exposition and it may cause one marvel what intentions for and the best approach to succeed. </p> <p>Remember an exact start and closure are basic for a powerful exposition. Try not to freeze in the event that you can't get your clear exposition right. Making your appropriate exposition is unquestionably not the least difficult decision to take. 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The Unexplained Mystery Into Argumentative Essay Topics for the Giver Discovered

<h1> The Unexplained Mystery Into Argumentative Essay Topics for the Giver Discovered </h1> <h2>What Everybody Dislikes About Argumentative Essay Topics for the Giver and Why </h2> <p>A awesome pugnacious exposition should have a specific articulation that is contending. You may likewise observe individual exposition. You can likewise observe scholastic paper. You may likewise observe unmistakable exposition. </p> <p>You may likewise observe investigative article. Where it is conceivable to locate an extraordinary self-portrayal model article an awesome way to deal with see how to manage this endeavor and to pick a point to expound on is to discover. Pick the theme you're as of now familiar with. Regardless of whether you can't settle on subjects for contentious exposition, don't see how to start, or essentially require a genuine case of a very much organized paper in a specific configuration, we're constantly arranged to give assistance! </p> <p>5 Discuss the technique by which the idea of discharge is utilized in The Giver. Yet, with just the correct amount of difficult work, a little practice, and an imaginative brain, everybody can do it! To need change is something, yet to change something yourself is another. After the technique for discharge is at long last uncovered, we aren't astonished to find that it's deadly infusion. </p> <p>At one time already, the p eople who possessed Jonas' people group intended to make a perfect society. People contend constantly. Despite the fact that the Giver believes that the network should settle on choices for the people, furthermore, he feels that the people ought to be able to direct the network to settle on the right decisions. The person in question explains the possibility that life in his locale has consistently been basic. </p> <p>Utilise the guide of our administration and don't be worried about how you complete the school. So are the majority of the people who stay locally. Another bit of the story which I appreciated was the way all the residents of the Community didn't have a great deal of comprehension of the world that existed before their time. As an individual from the network As an individual from a network, you should be in a situation to do everything which you can to support the network. </p> <p>But she is a serious educated young lady. In the event that you pick to have a third kid (in the genuine world), however choose it's an excessive amount of work, you can set the infant up for appropriation and realize you have to simply have two kids. 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Grade-3 Character Trait Essay Samples and Topic Ideas

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Stability of Islamic and Conventional Banks During the Financial Crisis - Free Essay Example

1. Ratio Analysis The performance and the stability of banks can be quantified and measured through the analysis of their financial ratios. We can have several hundreds of ratios at our disposal. However, we will use only those that are common, and of some meaning for the analysis of the banks. Also, it is important to note that we should use only major and comparable ratios in order to fully understand the financial position of these banks as compared to all those ratios that may include some vagueness in the research. Mainly five categories of these financial ratios are used to eliminate the vagueness created by redundant use of the financial heads and items from the financial statements. Hence, the five categories are: (CFA 2009, p498): Profitability Ratios Activity Ratios Liquidity Ratios Solvency Ratios Valuation Ratios However, for the banking industry, which is our main concern, we will use only the first four categories, making an exception of the Valuation category. The financial stability department of the State Bank of Pakistan, which is the central bank of this major economy in the Muslim world, and actively involved in the promotion of Islamic Banking, suggests that the financial ratios fairly reflect the stability, health and the performance of the banks. Hence, these ratios can be used for our purpose. 2. Z-score Instead of just doing the Financial Ratios Analysis, we should also do the analysis of the banks insolvency risk, which is measured by the z-score. This will be done for both the categories of banking systems: Islamic Banks; as well as the Commercial Banks. The statistic based on z-score is calculated with the help of the data on the banks expected profits, the riskiness or the variation in such profits and the capital base of the bank. In other words, the following variables help to calculate the z-score and test it, we need the profit margin, its likelihood of occurrence and the shareholders equity available to compensate in case of the negative margins (losses). A z-score represents the number of standard deviations by which the return on asset have to decrease in order to incur a loss (a negative return). Z-scores can be measured by the following formula: z = (ROA+CAP)/? (ROA) where: ROA (Return on Assets) = Net Income / Total Assets; CAP (Capital to Asset Rati o) = Equity / Total Assets; and ? (ROA) = standard deviation of return on assets (proxy for the variation of return). According to the formula, the higher z-score means that the equity base and the return added on it is much higher than the potential risk to the earnings as measured by the standard deviations. Hence, such usage of the z-score testing as the test for measuring risk is recommended by many researches in the field. By the definition of the z-score here, it can be said that it directly relates to the probability of a banks insolvency. It is necessary to evaluate and understand the extent to which Islamic banks are risky as compared to conventional banks. Z-scores will play an integral role in helping us identify the risk profile of Islamic banks. 3. Regression One of the most extensively used statistical measure of conformity is the use of regression and correlation. The extent to which two different datasets match in terms of moving together is evaluated by a regression analysis. This context will look closely at how the dataset we obtained for Islamic and conventional banks will be moving in tandem with the GDP and inflation (CPI) of their respective countries. A pooled regression test will be used to perform the respective tests and statistics generated from the regression such as the R-squared value will be used to make judgments on the relationship between the profitability and growth of Islamic and conventional banks with respect to their national growth and inflation. This test is extremely as it is crucial to understand the synchronization of growth of these banks with their national economies. It would be difficult to make pre-assumptions about either Islamic or conventional banks however, it has generally been seen that while conventional banks were wiped of several billions of dollars, Islamic banks stood their ground and even grew in some countries. Thus, bearing this in mind, a pooled regression test will enable us to identify the polarity of growth of Islamic and conventional banks with their respective economies. Chapter Four: 1.1 Financial Ratio Analysis: Financial statement analysis involves comparing the firms performance with that of other firms in the same industry. In this research, we are comparing banks with banks but having two categories within the banking industry: Islamic banks and the conventional banks. Ratio analysis also involves evaluating trends of the financial position of the firm over a time period. The ratio analysis of the firms financial statements helps the management of the firm to identify problems and deficiencies and then to take actions to try to improve performance. It also helps the decision makers to make operational as well as strategic decisions that would help the firm over a long period of time. Financial statements mainly comprises of the balance sheet, the income statement and the cash flow statement. The balance sheet and the cash flow statement both report the firms position at a given point of time. It gives the situation in which the company is standing at that point of time. And the income statement tells about the performance of the companys operations over a certain time period, usually a year. In other words, the financial statement analysis is useful to help anticipate the future conditions and as a starting point for planning actions that will improve the firms future performance. But with these lengthy and complicated financial statements, it is really time consuming for the decision makers and other stake holders to confer something. Hence, the financial ratios are used to help evaluate the financial statements. These ratios are taken from the break down elements of the financial statements. These ratios are easy to read and understand rather than the whole financial statements. Profitability Ratios Profitability is what every firm is seeking. The higher the profitability, the better is the performance of a bank. The profitability ratios show the combined effects of the liquidity, the asset management, and debt on the operations of the company as the profit is what comes out in the end of the income statement and this profit is what is mainly desired by the ownership and the management of a firm. One of the most important and most often looked at category of the ratios is the profitability ratios. These ratios are integral in that they help us estimate the degree to which revenues are converted into profits. A bank may be earning extremely high revenues in comparison to its competitors however, its profitability may be low signifying a lower efficiency. On the other extreme, a low earning bank may have a higher profitability signifying a greater efficiency. Thus, it is important to compare the relative profitability of the two bank streams and analyse them over several years data. Return on Assets: The performance of the firm is often and most commonly looked at through the ratio of net income (return) to total assets. In simple words, return on assets shows that what the company is getting out as net profits from its investment in the assets of the business. The assets in a companys statements are valued on the basis of original cost. Furthermore, the total return is usually the sum of the net income and the interest paid if any on the borrowings, as it is assumed that the assets may be financed by the borrowings. Banks also do have assets employed in their business, including the loans they have offered to the customers. The return is usually the spread between the rate of borrowings and deposits, which is net of all expenses incurred. In case of Islamic banks, the net income is the net profit earned from the investments through different financial instruments such as mudarbah, murabaha, musharakah, ijarah, etc. and the assets of the Islamic banks also comprise o f the investments in different schemes through Islamic modes of financing. It can be seen from the graph that the conventional banks experienced a rise in the ROAA (Return on Average Assets) during the booming period from 2002 till 2007. However, in 2007, it started to decline and has been declining since. But, during this same period, ROA for the Islamic Banks have been rising on average. Although, the financial crisis in 2007 hit both banking systems, Islamic banks experienced a relatively lesser impact. It has fallen from 2.6 in 2007 to around 2.1 in 2009. The conventional banks on average were at their peak in 2006 at almost 2.5 and since then, its been falling and has reached 1.6 in 2009. The overall decline of the conventional banks is far greater than the decline in ROAA of the Islamic Banks. Return on Equity: Shareholders, the real owners of the company, are mainly concerned about the return on the equity they have invested in the business. They need to know the profitability of their investment in the company. Hence, the net profit of the company is measured as a ratio of the equity the shareholders have invested in this ratio. The main difference in the return on assets and the return on equity is that usually, the assets are financed by both the investors (such as shareholders) and the lenders (such as the banks); and the equity reflects only the investment by the shareholders. Hence, this measure shows the rate at which the company is returning the investment to its shareholder (in absolute terms and not in cash terms, as cash is paid out in form of dividends). In terms of the banks, the equity will be the shareholders money that they have invested in the bank to make it running. This will not include any loans that the banks management has obtained for its operations or assets. If this measure is giving out high results, it means that investing in a bank as a shareholder is a profitable venture. It can be seen from the graph that from our sample of banks, the conventional banks are slightly returning a better amount than the Islamic banks especially after the crisis of 2007. In this regard, we can say that the Islamic banks have taken a bigger impact as their average Return on Average Equity (ROAE) have fallen from 25 in 2006 to around 11 in 2009 as compared to conventional banks having 26 in 2006 and falling to around 16 in 2009. There can be several possible reasons for such results. It could be that after the crisis, the investments in equity for the Islamic banks have risen, or fallen for the conventional banks. It may be possible that the investors have seen Islamic banks as a safe haven and have taken out their money from conventional banks and put it into the Islamic banks as its equity. However, it could also be possible that with so many closures in the conventional banking, the competition is thinned out and the remaining banks are making higher profits than they would have been when there was more competition. There may be one or more explanations for such results however, the most popular of these is that the very basis that caused the credit crunch crisis was not influential in the operations of an Islamic bank and thus left them unscathed to a great extent. Efficiency Ratios: Efficiency of a company can be measured in many different ways. One of the basic indicator of efficiency is that how much of the earnings are used up as expenses. The ratio of expenses to earnings shows how much is the company efficient. If the ratio is low, then it is considered to be very efficient. If its high, then there must be some problem with the company. If it is high for the whole industry, then it can be seen that the industry is not very profitable. If the ratio is near to one, it signifies serious problems for a company, be it a bank or not. This is because if the earnings and expenses are closer to each other, then there is little room for the profits and denotes that the bank is not able to manage its operations efficiently leading to a very small net profit margin. This would definitely put off investors and is highly undesirable. Hence, the lower the ratio, the better it is. It can be seen that this ratio is quite low for the conventional banks as compared to the Islamic banks, especially after 2004. The conventional banks efficiency is being steadied even during the financial crisis. The expenses are hovering to around 40 percent of the earnings, which is reasonably lower than for the Islamic banks. When looking at the Islamic banks, the expenses rose from 40 percent in 2004 to 80 percent in 2005 and slowly falling back to 60 percent during the financial crisis but staying there during 2009 as well. Hence it is also possible to see that the Islamic banks efficiency have improved during this period as this ratio has fallen significantly. However, in this regard, the Islamic banks are not as efficient as the conventional banks. But we will also not ignore the fact that our sample does not represent the whole Islamic banking industry or the conventional banking industry and the results may be completely different for different samples. Assets Turnover (a type of Activity Ratio): The asset turnover ratio indicates how hard and efficiently the firms assets are being put to use. It is also known as the sales-to-assets ratio. It shows that what each dollar of assets has produced in terms of total revenue (or sales). â€Å"Sales† in the banking industry has different names. For conventional banks, the net interest income is used instead of sales. This is the interest earned from lending minus the interest given out on deposits. However, for Islamic banks, the interest-free system, the net profit on investments of different modes of Islamic finance is used as revenue. This is the major differing element of the income statements of the two systems. From the results of this ratio, it can be seen that the Islamic banks and the conventional banks have a very close and similar trend before the financial crisis as the asset turnover keep on rising till 2006. However, this is worth noting that the ratio for Islamic banks remained a bit higher than that of conventional banks. After the 2007 crisis, the conventional banks asset turnover fell sharply from around 0.08 in 2006 to around 0.055 in 2009. Whereas for Islamic banks; this ratio fell from around 0.089 in 2006 to 0.08 in 2009. Hence, the turnover for Islamic banks was not much affected by the crisis. This result may prove worthwhile to note that Islamic banks were having less risk during the financial crisis than the conventional banks. Though insignificant at the moment, this can be an important dimension in future studies involving Islamic banks and conventional as it provides insight into the risk profile of Islamic banks viz-a-viz conventional banking. Financial Leverage: Solvency ratio shows the financial leverage of a firm. When a firm requires money more than the equity it has risen from its shareholders and from within the business, it needs to borrow. This borrowing can be from anyone including the bank. However, usually it is required to give out fixed rate as interest payment regardless of whether that money is properly utilized and gained from or not. Whether the company is in profit or loss, the interest payments on the debt has to be given out. If the profit is high, the shareholders gain as the leftover profit after interest payments goes to them. However, in case of loss, the shareholders bear the burden as well because the interest payment still has to be paid. Because of this debt increasing the profit rate to shareholders in good times and reducing it in bad times, this debt is said to create financial leverage. Debt to Equity Ratio: The debt to equity ratio is a clear measure of the percentage that a company is indebted to the external sources. It gives out the rate at which the debt is as a multiple of the equity. If the debt is less than the shareholders equity, than this ratio would be less than 1. But if there is more external debt than internal equity, than this ratio will exceed 1. And this could be really problematic for a company. However, in todays world, high debt to equity ratio is considered normal. For a bank, whether a conventional bank or an Islamic bank, this ratio just indicates the ratio of the actual owners to the external lenders. However, in case of crisis, it is usually seen that the banks to go out of the business first had a high debt to equity ratio. Islamic banks usually tend to have lower debt indebted to them. As their core principle of interest free banking may not be fulfilled if they take on debt on interest. So all the debt they have is interest free and such type of de bt is difficult to obtain. However, according to the result of this ratio here shows that Islamic banks debt to equity ratio rose significantly during 2004-2005 and was nearly equal to conventional banks ratio, but then it steadied around 1.6 during the financial crisis and after it. On the other hand, during this time period this ratio for conventional banks rose to 2.6 in 2007. And then the effect of the crisis took over and it fell to around 2.1 in 2009. It can be realized from this result that the shock of the crisis made the conventional banks realized that they have stretched too far from how they should be financing themselves. Hence, either they started to pay off their debts to reduce the risk of bankruptcy or the lenders started to get strict control over them. On the other hand, the Islamic banks were more relaxed as they did not have high debts to fear from and continued keeping a similar debt to equity ratio. Liquidity Ratios: Liquidity ratios are the indication for the company to know how much current assets there are to deal with the liabilities. In case of the banks, it shows how much loans are there to give out from the deposits available. Total Loans / Total Deposits: Banks give out loans to the customers (borrowers) are assets as they are receivables. Whereas, the deposits taken from the customers (depositors) are liabilities as they are payables to the depositors upon their request. Deposit is the property of the depositors; hence its the liability on the bank to pay the depositors back their money. This ratio for banks is similar to the current ratio used for other firms. It is similar to the ratio of current assets to the current liabilities. Hence, we can see that for Islamic banks, this ratio is lower than that of the conventional banks. This may be because many different financial instruments are used to finance those who want the funding. So many Islamic banks may not show all the investments as current assets or loans in this case. Also, it may be possible that perhaps a higher profit rate is charged by the Islamic banks as compared to the interest rate charged by the conventional banks and people are reluctant to fulfil thei r financing needs from Islamic banks in order to avoid higher rates to pay back. As the Islamic banks are growing and gaining consumer confidence, it may also be possible that the people are depositing their savings in Islamic banks much more than they are using its money for their financing needs, for a time being. Here, it is worth noting that the financial crisis did not affect this rate significantly for both the banking systems. Total Loans / Total Assets: As discussed above, total loans can be termed as current assets as they are the receivables. Hence, this ratio is about how much part of the total assets is this receivable loan. For the sample on hand, it is worth noting that the loan to total assets ratio for the conventional banks have slowly declined during the years and not affected significantly by the crisis. However, in the same time period, this ratio for Islamic banks has risen slowly. This may show that other assets for Islamic banks have reduced as compared to main current receivable assets. Growth Analysis: Growth analysis is the analysis used to measure and compare the growth rate of a company for different heads of accounts. It could be growth in sales, growth in assets, growth in liabilities, etc. Deposits Growth: First of all, we will look at the growth of the deposits. Although the deposits for banks are the liabilities, it shows the demand for the bank by the customers. If more and more customers start depositing in a bank, the bank is said to be growing in terms of customer base. In other words, the demand for the bank is rising. From the graph taken from the sample, it can clearly be seen that the growth rate of deposits have risen sharply for the Islamic banks. However, there is a major dip after the financial crisis from 35% to 25% in 2008. But after that, it has risen back to around 34% in 2009. In case of the conventional banks, there has been a growth in the deposits, but much slower than the Islamic banks. Also, there is a major dip in growth rate from around 24% in 2006 to around 11% in 2007. And moreover, the recovery that Islamic banks have shown after the crisis was nowhere to be found in our sample of conventional banks. The deposit growth rate rose from around 11% in 2007 to just around 14% in 2009 as compared to 34% for Islamic banks. Equity Growth: The equity growth directly shows the investors (shareholders) confidence as the deposit growth showed the customer confidence in the bank. Hence, it can be said that this ratio directly measures the success of a bank because if the bank is getting success, the shareholders (investors) will be putting in more money as equity to get higher returns in terms of profits. For our sample of the banks from the two systems, we can see that there are ups and downs during the sample time period. Initially, both the conventional banks and the Islamic banks equity growth have risen till 2005. But much before the crisis happened in 2007, there was a fall in investors confidence since 2005 for the conventional banks. This has been shown by the sharp decline in the equity growth from around 49% in 2005 to a mere 12% in 2007 for the conventional banks. But after that there was a sharp increase next year and then it again fell in 2009. But when we see at the Islamic banks, their equity grow th was at its highest during 2006 and 2007 at around 55% when this rate was having a free fall for the conventional banks. However, the equity growth rate for Islamic banks also had a major drop in the aftermath of the crisis in 2008 when it dropped to around 22% but then bounced back in 2009. It is worth noting that the growth rate for the last year have increased for the Islamic banks and decreased for the conventional banks, thus setting out a trend for investors confidence in favour of the Islamic banks. From this financial ratio analysis, it can be observed that the Islamic banks were affected lesser than the conventional banks. 1.2 Z-Scores In this case, z-score is the test for financial stability of the two systems. Conven z-score Islamic z-score Overall Avg z-score 2002 7.046525 11.84681784 9.446672 2003 5.77853 4.605240229 5.191885 2004 10.33028 4.238655854 7.284467 2005 8.640415 4.21893723 6.429676 2006 10.80977 9.34741143 10.07859 2007 7.954082 12.91780713 10.43594 2008 6.356607 4.69090727 5.523757 2009 6.103882 5.737315593 5.920599 Avg 7.877512 7.200386572 7.538949 The table above shows the summary of z-scores for both the banking systems and the overall z-score as an average of both. There are some surprising results here. The z-score for Islamic banks is a little less than that of the conventional banks even though the results of the financial ratio analysis showed that the Islamic banks were exposed to less risk as compared to the conventional banks during this period, especially the period of financial crisis. In other words, the conventional banks are a little more financially stable than the Islamic banks. Looking at the trend of the z-scores during our sample time period, the graph shows that on overall, conventional banks z-score was higher thus showing that they were more insolvent as compared to the Islamic banks. However, it can be seen that there was a fall in z-score before and during the crisis in 2006 and 2007 for conventional banks and only during this period, the Islamic banks were less risky. However, the dip in the aftermath of the crisis for the Islamic banks showed that they became riskier especially after the crisis in 2008 and 2009. It is worth noting here that in 2009, the z-score for the conventional banks has a downward trend and for Islamic banks, it is rising. Hence, in the future, it may be predicted when the things get stabled that the Islamic banks would become less risky and more financially stable. Conventional Islamic ROA Equity/Assets Z-Score ROA Equity/Assets Z-Score Average 2.03 0.08 7.88 2.10 0.10 7.20 In the table above, the average results are shown. There is a higher return on assets for the Islamic bank during the period on average, and also a higher share of equity in assets as compared to the conventional banks. However, the z-score on average is lower for Islamic banks as compared to the conventional banks thus telling that even though there is less ROA and equity share in the assets for the conventional banks, they are more stable financially and have lesser risk for solvency. However, as mentioned earlier, there is a rising trend for the Islamic banks at the moment. Hence, once the dust settles down, we can have a clearer picture of the future of the two systems. However, the slight variations in the z-score do not differentiate the financial stability of the two banking systems by very much. Hence, it would be unwise to conclude something here at this point of time. 1.3 Regression Analysis Overall Regression: SUMMARY OUTPUT Regression Statistics Multiple R 0.803713 R Square 0.645954 Adjusted R Square 0.173893 Standard Error 1.94228 Observations 8 ANOVA df SS MS F Significance F Regression 4 20.64844 5.162109 1.36837 0.414782 Residual 3 11.31735 3.772451 Total 7 31.96579 Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95% Lower 95.0% Upper 95.0% Intercept -6.78466 7.875684 -0.86147 0.452333 -31.8486 18.27928 -31.8486 18.27928 GDP Growth Rate -2.74358 62.95254 -0.04358 0.967976 -203.087 197.5995 -203.087 197.5995 Inflation Rate 0.157772 0.37669 0.418837 0.703515 -1.04102 1.356568 -1.04102 1.356568 Conventional ROA 3.876035 4.584648 0.845438 0.459963 -10.7144 18.46643 -10.7144 18.46643 Islamic ROA 2.870005 1.562138 1.837229 0.163488 -2.10142 7.841425 -2.10142 7.841425 This is the overall regression of all variables including conventional and Islamic banks ROAs on the Average Z-score of all the banks in our sample. The two tail t-critical value for 7 degrees of freedom at a 5 percent significance level is 2.365. Hence, from the results in the table above, none of the variables is significant enough on its own to affect the financial stability (z-score) of a bank. Now we try for the 10 percent level. At this level the t-critical value is 1.895 which is still higher than the t-statistic of any of the variables. At the 20 percent level however, the t-critical value is 1.415 thus making the ROA for the Islamic Banks significant enough. But, this would not mean anything important for our results. Hence, we do the regressions separately for both the systems. Conventional Banks Regression Analysis: SUMMARY OUTPUT Regression Statistics Multiple R 0.844282 R Square 0.712812 Adjusted R Square 0.49742 Standard Error 1.359889 Observations 8 ANOVA df SS MS F Significance F Regression 3 18.36009 6.120031 3.30938 0.138935 Residual 4 7.397194 1.849299 Total 7 25.75729 Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95% Lower 95.0% Upper 95.0% Intercept -3.52521 3.692669 -0.95465 0.393814 -13.7777 6.727281 -13.7777 6.727281 GDP Growth Rate -41.4817 38.69865 -1.07192 0.344124 -148.926 65.96298 -148.926 65.96298 Inflation Rate 0.261781 0.233062 1.123228 0.324196 -0.3853 0.908864 -0.3853 0.908864 Conventional ROA 7.124284 2.738967 2.601084 0.05998 -0.48031 14.72888 -0.48031 14.72888 This is the regression of Conventional ROA, GDP Growth and Inflation on z-scores of the Conventional Banks. Here, we can see that the conventional banks ROA is significant even at the 5 percent level having t-statistic of 2.60 which is more than the t-critical value at 7 degrees of freedom (2.365). Hence, the coefficient of the conventional ROA of 7.12 is significant enough. This means that there is a direct and strong relationship between the financial stability and the return on assets ratio of the conventional banks. Islamic Banks Regression Analysis: SUMMARY OUTPUT Regression Statistics Multiple R 0.851351 R Square 0.724799 Adjusted R Square 0.518398 Standard Error 2.512067 Observations 8 ANOVA df SS MS F Significance F Regression 3 66.47976 22.15992 3.511607 0.128219 Residual 4 25.24191 6.310478 Total 7 91.72167 Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95% Lower 95.0% Upper 95.0% Intercept -8.12755 5.404011 -1.50399 0.207023 -23.1315 6.876388 -23.1315 6.876388 GDP Growth Rate 44.23195 42.02916 1.052411 0.351985 -72.4597 160.9236 -72.4597 160.9236 Inflation Rate 0.000856 0.353316 0.002423 0.998183 -0.98011 0.981817 -0.98011 0.981817 Islamic ROA 5.146945 1.723963 2.985532 0.040517 0.360457 9.933432 0.360457 9.933432 This is the regression of Islamic ROA, GDP Growth and Inflation on z-scores of the Islamic Banks. Here, we can see that the Islamic banks ROA is significant even at the 5 percent level having t-statistic of 2.98 which is more than the t-critical value at 7 degrees of freedom (2.365). Hence, the coefficient of the Islamic ROA of 5.14 is significant enough. This means that there is a direct and strong relationship between the financial stability and the return on assets ratio of the Islamic banks. In all the regressions above, it was noted that the effects of inflation rate and the GDP growth rate are not significant enough to influence the financial stability of both systems. Chapter Five: Limitations and Recommendations: Just like any market research carried out in any stratum is tied to certain constraints, this research also has certain limitations tied in to it. Time is perhaps one of the most important and limiting constraints. Imagine a scenario where the cure for an unknown disease is being researched. There is only 1 person in the world who is affected by it and a doctor has diagnosed that person will only be able to live for 30 days. The research to discover a cure for that disease is underway. There is ample trust and evidence available that the cure will need at least 25 days to successfully cure the disease so that the time available to the researchers to find a cure is reduced to only 5 days. This is the kind of a dilemma faced by researchers trying to gather data for so many different variables across different banks for a handful of years. The Internet proved to be one valuable resource in helping to find out the required data for so many different banks spread across differen t countries. However, this challenge was further made complex by the numerous formats in which different banks had their annual reports and chose to report facts and figures. The major problem was research limitations in terms of the secondary sources that were accessible; however it was reduced to the minimum by proper structuring of the work and adherence to the guidelines. The limitations of this study are inherently based on the design of the study, since the proposed research uses a quantitative method to evaluate the relative degree of similarity (or difference) between Islamic and conventional banking streams. One of the most significant limitations in the study was the analysis of data on one page. Being presented in different currencies and corresponding to different countries, it was immensely difficult to convert all data into a single comparative scale and carry out an analysis. The aforementioned are some of the limitations that were faced during the research pro cess. A significant limitation that perhaps hindered the data gathering process the most after non-availability of data was the fact that there are several banks in Pakistan, the UAE and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia who offer both Islamic and conventional banking services. This makes them invalid to be chosen as a sample in either the Islamic or conventional streams. Since financial data is not presented separately, it is necessary to find banks who are purely Islamic or purely conventional to carry out an effective research. This limitation rendered several chosen banks invalid in the sample and added to the researchers woes on timely data gathering. An important recommendation to further researchers carrying out research on similar topics would be to refer to international journal articles and previously published datasets to gather data. At this point in time, these are difficult to procure and rare in occurrence, however, as time passes by researches like mine will be conducted and published. Future research should make use of the efforts gone behind in penning down these dissertations and re-use existing statistics given approval from their proctors. Another recommendation to this study would be to maintain the number of variables covered in this study as the minimum number for analysis. It would be difficult to perform a wholesome analysis with only a few variables. Anything less than what is covered will fail to do justice to the topic and hence in future, only an increase in the number of variables should be made when analysing the two banking streams. Chapter Six: Conclusion: The research and testing processes were tiresome, cumbersome and required a mammoth effort, however, were very interested and were self-motivating. The payoff from the research was the additional knowledge about the relationship between Islamic and conventional banks that kept the research going on. The data gathered was not sufficient enough to test the actual effects of the crisis on the financial stability of the two banking systems. Islamic banks are in the process of growing ahead and are churning out newer products and cannot be actively compared with conventional banks in the same stature. The sample size was small and caused several data gathering difficulties. Without a proper structure and format of data availability it is difficult to embark on such a research and perform subtle conclusions. It can also be inferred from the ratio analysis, z-scores and the regression analysis that Islamic banks have a relatively less risky profile as compared to conventional bank s and will be expected to outperform the latter in difficult times. Though the profitability and efficiency of Islamic banks is not as high as that of conventional banks, there is a great deal of room for improvement – that has been observed in the past five years – and Islamic banks present an important case for independent analysis that can be the subject of future dissertations and researches. Chapter Seven: References: Atrill, Peter McLaney, Eddie (2009). Management Accounting for Decision Makers 6th ed., Trans-Atlantic Publications. Brealey, Richard A.; Myers, Stewart C. Allen, Franklin (2006). Principles of Corporate Finance 6th ed., Mc-Graw Hill. Brealey, Richard A.; Myers, Stewart C. Allen, Franklin (2006). Fundamentals of Corporate Finance 17th ed., Mc-Graw Hill. Daily Times staff (2010). Al Baraka, Emirates Global merger, Daily Times, Retrieved July 6, 2010 from: https://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2010427story_27-4-2010_pg5_11 Chaudhry, M. S. (1999, July). Fundamentals of Islamic Economic System. Retrieved May 21, 2010, from Muslim Tents: https://www.muslimtents.com/shaufi/b16index.htm Ibrahim, Mohamed E. (2003). Journal for International Business and Entrepreneurship Development, Vol 1, No. 1, pp29-38, Retrieved July 7, 2010 from: https://inderscience.metapress.com/app/home/contribution.asp?referrer=parentbackto=issue,4,12;journal,9,9;linkingpublicationresults,1:119856,1 Kaplan, Robert S. Norton, David P. (2001). The strategy focused organization: how balanced scorecard companies thrive in the new business environment, Harvard Business Press. Khan, M., Mirakhor, A. (1989). The Financial System and Monetary Policy in an Islamic Economy. Retrieved May 27, 2010, from JKAU Islamic Econ.: https://www.kau.edu.sa/Files/320/Researches/51007_21144.pdf Ross, Stephen A.; Westerfield, Randolph Jaffe, Jeffrey (2006). Corporate Finance 8th ed., McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Basic Tips for Professional Paper Writing

Basic Tips for Professional Paper WritingWhether you are an employer who needs an employee who can write professionally or a writer who needs to achieve a higher standard of writing, there are several basic steps you can take to improve your paper writing skills. Most people in the United States write a lot of their papers and writing a good paper can be difficult, so it is important to improve your skills. Below are some tips to help you out.Always begin your paper with a prompt. The prompt should include who you are, why you are writing the paper, and what you expect the reader to gain from the paper. This will help the reader get into the story line. When beginning the paper, you want to always start with a prompt.Use numbers. A nice way to make your writing more professional is to use numbers throughout your paper. Numbers allow you to break down your paper for the reader. Numbers help to create a structure and a hierarchy to your paper. They also help to make the reader sit up a nd pay attention to the paper.Always use sentence structure. You need to use sentences that follow each other logically. If you break up your sentences, you will be putting the reader off track and possibly moving them away from the paper. Long sentences also do not flow as well as short ones. Use sentences that follow each other logically.Do not repeat the same sentence more than twice. Repeating a sentence does not mean you are showing disrespect to the reader. It just means repeating a sentence is only one way to create a dense, thick paper. If you want to tell a story, then you need to tell the story in a way that will stand on its own without repeating the same sentence.Focus on the content of the sentence. When writing a sentence, never concentrate on how many times you have to use the word 'this.' The use of 'this' is essential, but the use of it over creates a thick paper. Focus on the content of the sentence and only use 'this' when necessary. Overuse of 'this' is a sign of a lazy writer.Keep your writing simple. Write sentences that are easily understood. This helps to prevent any readers from feeling overwhelmed by the paper and does not overwhelm the reader. If you get stuck, you need to re-read the paper and figure out how to move forward. Keep in mind that good paper writing skills can be learned over time.There are several general rules that you can use to help you with improving your paper writing skills. These basic rules, along with practice, can lead to good, professional writing. Most professional writers can write a paper using these basic rules.

How to Write a SAT Sample Essay

<h1>How to Write a SAT Sample Essay</h1><p>How to compose a SAT tests paper relies upon what sort of data you need to incorporate. You can decide to expound on a particular subject or you can incorporate general realities. Despite the fact that a blend of the two is fine, your exposition ought to be explicit to the theme or research you are expounding on. On the off chance that you are expounding on recent developments, for instance, your paper will be considerably more hard to compose, and it will take additional time and exertion than composing something unclear about current events.</p><p></p><p>SAT test expositions can be hard to compose in light of the fact that it is difficult to expound on a particular topic. Composing explicit data is significant, particularly if the subject isn't identified with recent developments. Expounding on recent developments requires more readiness and cautious arranging. It's insufficient to expound on occas ions and data you see on TV.</p><p></p><p>If you might want to have the option to compose the test rapidly, it is useful to do look into on the point and the distinctive sort of data. The points are differed and there are a ton of subjects to look over. There are numerous zones that expect you to expound on recent developments, however there are different zones that may have less center, yet the center might be increasingly hard to decide. The most ideal approach to design and get ready for a SAT test exposition is to concentrate each subject.</p><p></p><p>When you are composing a SAT tests article, you should investigate the theme. Inquiring about a subject requires a ton of work. In any case, it is well justified, despite all the trouble so as to have the option to compose a decent article. In the event that you can discover what data you need, you can utilize it to further your potential benefit in your writing.</p><p>&l t;/p><p>When you are composing a SAT tests exposition, you ought to be set up with the data you are utilizing. You will need to look into measurements and realities so as to give a paper that will be useful and helpful. By having exact data, youwill have the data you have to compose an exceptionally compelling essay.</p><p></p><p>In request to compose an incredible SAT tests article, you will need to start your examination as quickly as time permits. You will need to begin making notes when you can about what data you have to remember for your paper. This permits you to compose your article at the earliest opportunity. It is critical to inquire about the points before composing your essay.</p><p></p><p>Another key to composing an extraordinary SAT tests exposition is being sure about your composition. So as to compose a noteworthy paper, you should have the option to turn in an elegantly composed exposition. Composing an expos ition is a work of art. You will go up against a huge number of different understudies for the top award.</p><p></p><p>When you are prepared to compose a decent SAT tests article, ensure you comprehend the exploration you have to do. Ensure you know which theme is best for your exposition. At long last, be certain about your composition, and you will have the option to compose a generally excellent essay.</p>

The Brother Grimm Movie

The Brother Grimm MovieDid you get a task for your school article? Assuming this is the case, at that point I'd prefer to give you a little mystery that will assist you with composing the best school paper. For this mystery, you have to peruse the dominance paper guide.The authority article manage is somewhat manual on the best way to do your school exposition. This is an absolute necessity read on the off chance that you need to improve your exposition composing aptitudes. It is additionally basic on the off chance that you need to find a great job. This article is composed to give you a prologue to the authority exposition guide.First of all, you have to realize that composing a school paper isn't simple. There are huge amounts of reasons why this may be valid. Here are a portion of the reasons why your school paper will fail.It is basic for understudies to skirt the initial two rules when they are composing their understudy articles. To begin with, don't expound on yourself. You m ust be cautious here. By doing this, you may very well befuddle your peruser and make disarray in the brains of readers.Next, you have to ensure that your article depends on realities. By realities, I mean stuff you can discover in your library. You can utilize your different references in different books in your library. Keep in mind, realities are crucial.As a last note, what I like the most about the authority exposition control is that it instructs you to utilize the web. This is incredible particularly for the individuals who don't approach the web. Actually, you ought to consistently approach the web. This will make the creative cycle a lot simpler and make the article considerably more efficient.Master your composing aptitudes and compose your own exposition. With these mysteries, you can figure out how to compose any sort of exposition, and show signs of improvement grades.The sibling Grimm film is accessible in the market yet it is prescribed to peruse the authority article manage before you decide to purchase the film. This will assist you with making your own perfect work of art.

Article Writer Service - Are You Looking For an Article Writer Service?

<h1>Article Writer Service - Are You Looking For an Article Writer Service?</h1><p>For scholars searching for administrations, the article author administration might be exactly what you need. Article essayists have a wide range of undertakings and can help with content for sites, online journals, enlightening articles, official statements, book surveys, and the sky is the limit from there. They may not be in the composing industry themselves, yet they can at present help with the composition of the substance for your site.</p><p></p><p>People who compose for you are generally alluded to as consultants. Consultants are individuals who work for a wide range of associations and can be recruited for various assignments. Frequently they will be brought in to compose articles for your site or blog. On the off chance that you can locate the opportune individual for the activity, it very well may be an awesome service.</p><p></p>&l t;p>Many times, the substance for your site will incorporate reports, items, news, or other educational substance. These individuals frequently incorporate a lot of free guidance that you can use so as to support your business. By and large, their data will likewise incorporate tips for getting around guidelines, just as tips on working together in specific territories. The more you have these kinds of substance for your site, the more cash you can make. The more destinations you have, the more cash you can make.</p><p></p><p>You will need to ensure that you set aside the effort to discover an individual you can trust to assist you with content for your site. Search for somebody who has worked in the business previously. It is imperative to figure out the kind of individual you can rely on for the job that needs to be done. Keep in mind, your substance is the thing that holds the data to your site. So you will need somebody who realizes how to make content you can be glad of.</p><p></p><p>Once you have discovered somebody, ensure that you ask them inquiries. Make certain to check references and check whether there are any references you can go to. This will guarantee that you have somebody to look to who has done this kind of work previously. Ordinarily, journalists will give you a referral to a writer.</p><p></p><p>Find out what they charge per article. This is significant so you can realize the amount you will be required to pay. There are numerous things that can happen when you pay somebody who does the composition for you. It is smarter to discover forthright what you are following through on for and to know the cost before you get started.</p><p></p><p>You can discover an essayist for your necessities on the web. Discover the amount they charge, to what extent they are eager to work, and to what extent it takes to complete an article. Set aside the effort t o locate the correct author for your requirements. It will spare you a ton of cash in the long run.</p>

The Essay Trip Poor - The Dos and Donts of a College Essay

<h1>The Essay Trip Poor - The Do's and Don'ts of a College Essay</h1><p>Many understudies who are setting off for college and participating in school exposition composing encounters end up in the bind of composing a College Essay Trip Poor. How would you receive in return? How would you get yourself out of this or is there a way out?</p><p></p><p>The first thing that you have to do is accept a decent position of recognizing the reason for your horrible showing. By taking a gander at the reason for your lackluster showing, you will be ready to discover approaches to improve your exhibition. You likewise should have the option to distinguish where in your exposition composing methods you have a chance to get better.</p><p></p><p>The second thing that you need to do is perceive that your article will have an issue where the paper won't be acknowledged by your intended interest group. The possibility of an article is to sh are your musings and thoughts and afterward persuade the peruser that you have viably introduced your perspectives. In this manner, in the event that you are composing an exposition that the peruser won't acknowledge or is probably going to dismiss, your article won't assist with adding to your education.</p><p></p><p>The third thing that you can do so as to get yourself out of this sort of circumstance is to see what turned out badly and what the right answer for your paper is. After you have distinguished the issue, take a gander at what the arrangement will be. You would then be able to change the issue or the arrangement until you can introduce the arrangement that your intended interest group needs to hear.</p><p></p><p>The fourth thing that you need to do is find a way to build up certain aptitudes to set you up for composing the paper. A decent technique is to utilize a wide range of sorts of language in your paper. While you ou ght to compose from a consistent stance, you ought to likewise be happy to utilize instances of innovative reasoning. You ought to have the option to take your thoughts and make an organized contention that sounds good to your objective audience.</p><p></p><p>The fifth thing that you need to do is to ensure that you read your article a couple of times before you submit it to your educator. Working out your paper over again will permit you to scrutinize it and right any blunders. Additionally, you should search for any regions that could be improved upon.</p><p></p><p>The 6th thing that you can do so as to get yourself out of this sort of circumstance is to examine the issues that you are probably going to confront when you are composing a school article. This may appear as though an odd activity however it is presumably one of the most significant things that you can do. By doing this, you will have the option to appropriately set your self up for the assignment.</p><p></p><p>The seventh thing that you can do is to comprehend what sorts of things you can change about your article. In the event that you find that the issue that you are having with your paper is something that your educator is well on the way to see, you ought to be set up to change that. By understanding what transforms you have to make, you will have the option to keep away from the College Essay Trip Poor and will be set up to introduce yourself in a superior light.</p>

The Position Of Cultural Relativism - 1476 Words

The position â€Å"When in Rome do as Romans†, is an ethical viewpoint that is followed by many managers. This viewpoint reflects the position of Cultural Relativism, which suggests â€Å"there is no one right way to behave† as â€Å"ethical behaviour is determined by its cultural context†(textbook). This in turn, means that one is unable to claim one way of doing things as inferior, or wrong, to those of another culture. For example, as â€Å"cultural relativism stresses the idea that notions of childhood are themselves socially constructed and therefore specific to time, place, nation and culture†, it could be argued by an Australian Manager that, if in conjunction with local law and customs in the country of origin, it is okay to use child labour (textbook). Take for example, Bolivia, where child labour is â€Å"engrained† into their culture. In 2014, legislation was approved by government that lowered the legal working age of children from fourt een years of age to ten. This allowed children above the age of 10 to become self-employed workers and children over the age of 12 to take on contract work. This legislation which allows children from the age of 10 to work, was introduced by the government to help tackle the high rates of Bolivians living in poverty, with government hoping that a family’s financial burden could help be alleviated by adding another income earner. According to the President of Bolivia, Evo Morales â€Å"eliminating work for boys and girls would be like eliminating people’sShow MoreRelatedMeta-Ethical Cultural Relativism Essay737 Words   |  3 PagesMeta-Ethical Cultural Relativism The thesis of meta-ethical cultural relativism is the philosophical viewpoint that there are no absolute moral truths, only truths relative to the cultural context in which they exist. 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